Ἀποφθέγματα βασιλέων καὶ στρατηγῶν

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İngilizce İngilizce Yunanca Yunanca

intro.1 Plutarch very seldom tells the same story in the same words. Over and over again in his works we find a story repeated with minor variations in language, or in expansion or condensation, which often serve to adapt it better to its context, or, again, seem to serve no purpose except to avoid sameness; and so with the stories in this collection: when they are repeated in other parts of Plutarch’s works they almost always show the same minor variations which are so characteristic of Plutarch.Of the hundred or two hundred or more examples which  might be cited (and which may be found by consulting the  footnotes in the following pages) three or four must here  suffice. One may compare the four accounts of Ada’s  cooks (180 a), or the three versions of Antigonus’s modesty  (183 c), or the remark of Lysimachus to Philippides (183 e),  copied practically verbatim by Stobaeus, Florilegium xlix. 19,  which looks like an original memorandum, while the other  versions (Moralia 508 c and 517 β) appear to be adapted to  their context; or the retort of Phocion to Antipater (188 f),  six times repeated, in which the language of the retort is  always essentially the same, but the setting is regularly  adapted to the context.

intro.1 It is an interesting academic study, for those to whom such studies appeal, to compare the different versions of the same story, and to try to draw conclusions as to which version is derived from the other, or the others (as has been done by Carl Schmidt, De apophthegmatum quae sub Plutarchi nomine feruntur collectionibus, Greifswalde, 1879), One may compare also Wilhelm Gemoll, Das Apophthegma (Leipzig, 1924), which is a discursive essay on the  apophthegm, anecdote, novel, and romance, with relatively   little reference to Plutarch. but such studies are bound to be unconvincing at best.

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