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40 In the same way, then, it is apparently a special obligation of the Roman priest also not to use a horse nor to be absent from the city more than three nightsLivy, v. 52. 13, says not even one night. Cf. also Tacitus, Annals, iii. 58 and 71. nor to lay aside the cap from which he derives the name of flamen. Cf.Life of Numa, chap. vii. (64 c); Life of Marcellus, chap. v. (300 c); Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 84; Festus, s.v. Flamen Dialis; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 64. 2. Varro’s etymology is Flamen quasi filamen ; Plutarch must have pronouncedφλᾶμεν ph(i)lamen, with ph a true aspirate as in uphill, else there would be no justification for the alternative derivation from pileus (Numa, vii.). But many other regulations are revealed to all through the priest, and one of them is the prohibition not to anoint oneself in the open air. For the Romans used to be very suspicious of rubbing down with oil, and even to-day they believe that nothing has been so much to blame for the enslavement and effeminacy of the Greeks as their gymnasia and wrestling - schools, which engender much listless idleness and waste of time in their cities, as well as paederasty and the ruin of the bodies of the young men with regulated sleeping, walking, rhythmical movements, and strict diet; by these practices they have unconsciously lapsed from the practice of arms, and have become content to be termed nimble athletes and handsome wrestlers rather than excellent men-at-arms and horsemen. It is hard work, at any rate, when men strip in the open air, to escape these consequences: but those who anoint themselves and care for their bodies in their own houses commit no offence.

41 Why did their ancient coinage have stamped on one side a double-faced likeness of Janus, on the other the stern or the prow of a ship? Cf. Athenaeus, 692 e; Ovid, Fasti, i. 229 ff.; Pliny, Natural History, xxxiii. 3 (45); Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 7. 21-22.

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