Book 8
10
What is a calm? Levelness of sea. The sea is the material substrate, and the levelness is the actuality or form.
10
From the foregoing account it is clear what sensible substance is, and in what sense it exists; either as matter, or as form and actuality, or thirdly as the combination of the two.
1
We must not fail to realize that sometimes it is doubtful whether a name denotes the composite substance or the actuality and the form—e.g. whether house denotes the composite thing, a covering made of bricks and stones arranged in such-and-such a way, or the actuality and form, a covering; and whether line means duality in length or dualityCf. Aristot. Met. 7.11.6.; and whether animal means a soul in a body or a soul; for the soul is the substance and actuality of some body.
2
The term animal would be applicable to both cases; not as being defined by one formula, but as relating to one concept. These distinctions are of importance from another point of view, but unimportant for the investigation of sensible substance; because the essence belongs to the form and the actualization.
3
Soul and essence of soul are the same, but man and essence of man are not, unless the soul is also to be called man; and although this is so in one sense, it is not so in another.
3
It appears, then, upon inquiry into the matter,Cf. Plat. Theaet. 204aff. that a syllable is not derived from the phonetic elements plus combination, nor is a house bricks plus combination. And this is true; for the combination or mixture is not derived from the things of which it is a combination or mixture,
