4
Every noun is either ordinaryi.e., one which has dined normal currency as contrasted with the rare word, which is confined to a dialect or borrowed from a foreign language. or rare or metaphorical or ornamental or invented or lengthened or curtailed or altered.
5
An ordinary word is one used by everybody, a rare word one used by some;
6
so that a word may obviously be both ordinary and rare, but not in relation to the same people. σίγυνον,Meaning, spear. for instance, is to the Cypriots an ordinary word but to us a rare one.
7
Metaphor is the application of a strange term either transferred from the genus and applied to the species or from the species and applied to the genus, or from one species to another or else by analogy.
8
An example of a term transferred from genus to species is Here stands my ship. Riding at anchor is a species of standing.
9
An example of transference from species to genus is Indeed ten thousand noble things Odysseus did, for ten thousand, which is a species of many, is here used instead of the word many.
10
An example of transference from one species to another is Drawing off his life with the bronze and Severing with the tireless bronze, where drawing off is used for severing and severing for drawing off, both being species of removing.Probably the bronze is in the first case a knife and in the second a cupping-bowl. This would make the metaphor intelligible.
11
Metaphor by analogy means this: when B is to A as D is to C, then instead of B the poet will say D and B instead of D.
