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Orationes

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Orationes Dio Chrysostom
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10 τοσούτῳ δὲ ταῖς πόλεσι χρησιμώτερός ἐστιν ἤπερ τὰ πηδάλια ταῖς ναυσίν, ὥστε ἡ μὲν ἀποβαλοῦσα τοὺς οἴακας ναῦς οὐκ ἂν ἀπόλοιτο μὴ χειμῶνος καταλαβόντος, πόλιν δ’ οὐκ ἔνι σωθῆναι τοῦ νόμου λυθέντος, οὐδ’ ἂν μηδὲν ἔξωθεν συμβαίνῃ δεινόν. ὥσπερ δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν αὐτῷ διανοίας διοικεῖται καὶ σῴζεται τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἕκαστος, ἡ δὲ ταύτης διαφθορὰ μανίαν καὶ παρακοπὴν φέρει, παραπλησίως, ἄν τις ἀνέλῃ τὸν νόμον ἐκ τοῦ βίου, καθάπερ οἶμαι τὸν νοῦν ἀπολωλεκὼς εἰς παντελῆ μανίαν καὶ ταραχὴν περιστήσεται.

(59)ΠΕΡΙ ΕΘΟΥΣ.

1 Ἔστι δὲ τὸ ἔθος γνώμη μὲν τῶν χρωμένων κοινή, νόμος δὲ ἄγραφος ἔθνους ἢ πόλεως, δίκαιον δὲ ἑκούσιον, κατὰ ταὐτὰ πᾶσιν ἀρέσκον, εὕρημα δὲ ἀνθρώπων οὐδενός, ἀλλὰ βίου καὶ χρόνου. τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων νόμων ἕκαστος ἅπαξ δοκιμασθεὶς ἔλαβε τὴν ἰσχύν· τὸ δὲ ἔθος ἀεὶ δοκιμάζεται. καὶ νόμος μὲν οὐδεὶς ῥᾳδίως ὑπὸ πάντων ἐγκριθήσεται· ταῖς γὰρ τῶν πλειόνων δόξαις κυροῦται· ἔθος δὲ οὐκ ἐνῆν γενέσθαι μὴ προσδεχθὲν ὑπὸ πάντων. κἀκεῖνος ἀπειλῶν καὶ βιαζόμενος μένει κύριος, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν ἐθῶν πειθόμενοι καὶ καλὰ καὶ συμφέροντα κρίνομεν αὐτά.
2 διό μοι δοκεῖ τις ἂν προσεικάσαι τὸν μὲν ἔγγραφον νόμον τῇ δυνάμει τῆς τυραννίδος· φόβῳ γὰρ ἕκαστον καὶ μετὰ προστάγματος διαπράττεται· τὸ δὲ ἔθος μᾶλλον τῇ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τῆς βασιλείας. βουλόμενοι γὰρ αὐτῷ πάντες καὶ δίχα ἀνάγκης ἕπονται. καὶ νόμους μὲν ἴσμεν πολλοὺς ἀνῃρημένους ὑπὸ τῶν θέντων αὐτούς, ὡς πονηρούς· ἔθος δὲ οὐκ ἂν οὐδεὶς ῥᾳδίως δείξειε λελυμένον. καὶ μὴν τῷ παντὶ ῥᾷόν ἐστιν ἀνελεῖν ὅ,τι βούλει τῶν ἐγγράφων ἢ τῶν ἐθῶν. τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἂν ἀπαλείψῃς ἅπαξ, ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ λέλυται·
3 συνήθειαν δὲ πόλεως οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν πάνυ πολλῷ καταλῦσαι χρόνῳ. κἀκεῖνοι μὲν ἐν σανίσιν ἢ στήλαις φυλάττονται· τῶν δὲ ἕκαστον ἐν ταῖς ἡμετέραις ψυχαῖς. ἀσφαλεστέρα δὲ καὶ κρείττων ἡ τοιαύτη φυλακή. καὶ μὴν ὁ μὲν ἔγγραφος νόμος αὐστηρός ἐστι καὶ ἀπηνής, ἔθους δὲ οὐδὲν ἥδιον. ἔπειτα τοὺς νόμους παρ’ ἄλλων πυνθανόμεθα, τὰ δὲ ἔθη πάντες ἐπιστάμεθα.
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