Kitap 5
1
The same means (a) accidentally the same. E.g., white and cultured are the same because they are accidents of the same subject; and man is the same as cultured, because one is an accident of the other; and cultured is the same as man because it is an accident of man; and cultured man is the same as each of the terms cultured and man, and vice versa; for both man and cultured are used in the same way as cultured man, and the latter in the same way as the former.
2
Hence none of these predications can be made universally. For it is not true to say that every man is the same as the cultured; because universal predications are essential to things, but accidental predications are not so, but are made of individuals and with a single application. Socrates and cultured Socrates seem to be the same; but Socrates is not a class-name, and hence we do not say every Socrates as we say every man.
3
Some things are said to be the same in this sense, but (b) others in an essential sense, in the same number of senses as the one is essentially one; for things whose matter is formally or numerically one, and things whose substance is one, are said to be the same. Thus sameness is clearly a kind of unity in the being, either of two or more things, or of one thing treated as more than one; as, e.g., when a thing is consistent with itself; for it is then treated as two.
4
Things are called other of which either the forms or the matter or the definition of essence is more than one; and in general other is used in the opposite senses to same.
4
Things are called different which, while being in a sense the same, are other not only numerically, but formally or generically or analogically; also things whose genus is not the same; and contraries; and all things which contain otherness in their essence.
