Kitap 5
4
Thus there are, roughly speaking, two meanings which the term quality can bear, and of these one is more fundamental than the other. Quality in the primary sense is the differentia of the essence; and quality in numbers falls under this sense, because it is a kind of differentia of essences, but of things either not in motion or not qua in motion. Secondly, there are the affections of things in motion qua in motion, and the differentiae of motions.
5
Goodness and badness fall under these affections, because they denote differentiae of the motion or functioning in respect of which things in motion act or are acted upon well or badly. For that which can function or be moved in such-and-such a way is good, and that which can function in such-and-such a way and in the contrary way is bad. Quality refers especially to good and bad in the case of living things, and of these especially in the case of such as possess choice.
1
Things are called relative (a) In the sense that the double is relative to the half, and the triple to the third; and in general the many times greater to the many times smaller, and that which exceeds to the thing exceeded. (b) In the sense that the thing which heats or cuts is relative to the thing heated or cut; and in general the active to the passive. (c) In the sense that the measurable is relative to the measure, and the knowable to knowledge, and the sensible to sensation.
2
(a) In the first sense they are said to be numerically relative; either simply, or in a definite relation to numbers or to 1. E.g., the double in relation to 1 is a definite number; the many times as great is in a numerical relation to 1, but not in a definite relation such as this or that;
3
the relation of that which is 1.5 times something else to that something is a definite numerical relation to a number; and that which is (n+1)/n times something else is in an indefinite relation to a number, just as the many times as great is in an indefinite relation to 1.
