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Orationes

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Orationes Dio Chrysostom
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Yunanca
42 τοιαῦτα μὲν ἐκεῖνος εἰώθει λέγειν, προτρέπων ἀεὶ πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ βελτίους ποιῶν καὶ ἄρχοντας καὶ ἰδιώτας. ὅμοια δὲ εἰρήκασι περὶ ἀρχῆς καὶ βασιλείας οἱ μετʼ αὐτόν, ὡς οἷόν τε ἑπόμενοι τῇ σοφωτάτῃ γνώμῃ. αὐτὰ δὲ πρῶτα δηλοῖ τὰ ὀνόματα τὴν διαφορὰν τῶν πραγμάτων.
43 λέγεται γὰρ ἡ μὲν ἀρχὴ νόμιμος ἀνθρώπων διοίκησις καὶ πρόνοια ἀνθρώπων κατὰ νόμον, βασιλεία δὲ ἀνυπεύθυνος ἀρχή, βασιλεὺς δὲ καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνυπεύθυνος ἄρχων ὁ δὲ νόμος βασιλέως δόγμα.
44 ὁ δὲ τύραννος καὶ ἡ τυραννὶς ἐναντίον τούτοις βίαιος καὶ παράνομος χρῆσις ἀνθρώπων τοῦ δοκοῦντος ἰσχύειν πλέον.
45 οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἡμεῖς διανοούμεθα καὶ φαμὲν περὶ τοῦ θείου καὶ θεοφιλοῦς αὐτοκράτορος καὶ βασιλέως τρία γὰρ εἴδη, τὰ φανερώτατα, πολιτειῶν ὀνομάζεται γιγνομένων κατὰ νόμον καὶ δίκην μετὰ δαίμονός τε ἀγαθοῦ καὶ τύχης ὁμοίας· μία μὲν ἡ πρώτη καὶ μάλιστα συμβῆναι δυνατή, περὶ ἧς ὁ νῦν λόγος, εὖ διοικουμένης πόλεως ἢ πλειόνων ἐθνῶν ἢ ξυμπάντων ἀνθρώπων ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ γνώμῃ καὶ ἀρετῇ·
46 δευτέρα δὲ ἀριστοκρατία καλουμένη, οὔτε ἑνὸς οὔτε πολλῶν τινων, ἀλλὰ ὀλίγων τῶν ἀρίστων ἡγουμένων, πλεῖον ἀπέχουσα ἤδη τοῦ δυνατοῦ καὶ τοῦ συμφέροντος· τοῦτο ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ καὶ Ὅμηρος εἰπεῖν διανοηθείς, οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη· εἷς κοίρανος ἔστω, εἷς βασιλεύς, ᾧ ἔδωκε Κρόνου παῖς ἀγκυλομήτεω.
47 τρίτη δὲ πασῶν ἀδυνατωτάτη σχεδὸν ἡ σωφροσύνῃ καὶ ἀρετῇ δήμου προσδοκῶσά ποτε εὑρήσειν κατάστασιν ἐπιεικῆ καὶ νόμιμον, δημοκρατία προσαγορευομένη, ἐπιεικὲς ὄνομα καὶ πρᾷον, εἴπερ ἦν δυνατόν.
48 τρισὶ δὲ ταύταις, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, πολιτείαις τρεῖς ἐναντίαι καὶ παράνομοι διαφθοραί, ἡ μὲν πρώτη τε καὶ ἀρίστη καὶ μόνη δυνατή, τυραννίς, ἑνὸς ὕβρει καὶ βίᾳ τοῦ κακίστου τῶν ἄλλων ἀπολλυμένων· ἡ δὲ μετʼ ἐκείνην ὀλιγαρχία, σκληρὰ καὶ ἄδικος πλεονεξία πλουσίων τινῶν καὶ πονηρῶν ὀλίγων ἐπὶ τοὺς πολλοὺς καὶ ἀπόρους συστᾶσα·
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